专题一 英语句子成分
一、定义
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1．主语(The Subject)
主语是一个句子叙述的主体，说明句子讲的是谁或者是什么情况。能够充当主语的词通常有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词ing形式等，也可由从句来作主语。
To say it is one thing；to do it is another. 说是一回事；做是另一回事。(不定式作主语) What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎比我们拥有的更好。(从句作主语) 2．谓语(The Predicate)
谓语一般放在主语之后，用来说明主语的动作、特征、行为或存在的状语。谓语通常由动词或短语动词来充当，具有各种时态、语态和语气的变化，前面还可以加上助动词或情态动词等。
The room can hold twenty people. 这屋子可容下20个人。 My legs gave out after the long trip. 长途跋涉后我的腿筋疲力尽了。 3．表语(The Predicative)
表语用来表述主语的特征、状态、身份等，一般跟在连系动词之后，一起构成系表结构。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句等。
He is a light eater but a heavy sleeper. 他这人饭吃得少却很能睡。
1
Keep still while I photograph you. 我在给你照相时你不要动。 That's where I was born. 那就是我出生的地方。 4．宾语(The Object)
宾语在句中充当动作的承受者，一般位于及物动词之后，表明行为动作的支配对象。可以充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词ing形式或从句等。在英语中，介词之后的句子成分也通常称之为宾语。
Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违法的。
He promised to come as soon as possible. 他答应尽快来。
I remember giving her money back last week. 我记得上星期已经还给她钱了。
①有些动词后面可以带双宾语，即间接宾语(通常是人)和直接宾语(通常是物)。在一般情况下，间接宾语位于直接宾语之前；如果间接宾语跟在直接宾语之后要使用介词to或for。
They will give us all the books.(本句中间接宾语us表示动作是对谁做的) 他们将把所有的书给我们。 ＝They will give all the books to us.
Dad bought me a new CD player.(本句中间接宾语me表示动作是为谁做的) 爸爸给我买了一台新的CD播放机。 ＝Dad bought a new CD player for me.
②但有时间接宾语前的介词使用要根据动词的固定搭配来决定。
Mr.Li asked me a question in class. Mr.Li asked a question of me in class.
李老师上课问了我一个问题。
2
The boy played me a trick. The boy played a trick on me.
那孩子捉弄了我一下。
5．宾语补足语(The Object Complement)
英语中有些及物动词，除了有直接宾语外，还必须有一个补充说明宾语怎么样、做什么等的成分，句子的意思才能完整。句子的这一成分称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。能够充当宾语补足语的词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及非谓语动词等。
His fellows chose him captain of their team. 他的队友们选他当了队长。 His words immediately set us laughing. 他的话立即把我们都逗乐了。
They found everything in the exhibition in good order. 他们发现展览会上每件东西都放得井井有条。 6．定语(The Attribute)
定语通常用来修饰名词或代词，说明其品质或特征。可用作定语的有形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句等。单个的词作定语时一般位于被修饰的名词前面，短语和从句作定语时一般位于被修饰词的后面。
Rowling is a writer full of great imagination. 罗琳是一个富有想象力的作家。 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会是十分美好的。
Anyone who breaks the rule shall be punished. 任何违规的人都将受到处罚。 7．状语(The Adverbial)
状语在句中通常修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句，用来说明事情发生或存在的时间、地点、原因、目的、方式等。可用作状语的有副词、非谓语动词、介词短语以及从句等。状语的位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句中或句末。
We really want that equipment.
3
我们确实需要那台设备。
Given more time，he would be able to do better. 假如多给一些时间，他会干得更出色。
The dress won't match your hairstyle if it is shortened. 这裙子如果改短了的话，与你的发型不相称了。 8．同位语(The Appositive)
同位语由名词或名词词组、代词或从句构成，用于说明或解释它之前的名词或代词的内容或情况，其句法作用和所修饰的名词相同。
Her mother has three children，two boys and a girl. 她妈妈生了三个孩子：两个男孩和一个女孩。
Then came the most exciting moment，the one we could never forget. 接着是最激动人心的时刻，一个我们永远也忘不了的时刻。
This is the problem that we cannot find enough skilled workers for this project. 问题是我们无法为此工程找到那么多的熟练工。 二、句子成分速记口诀
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
4
Ⅰ.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1．The question is that__no__one__knows__the__location__of__the__new__hospital．________
2．To__be__or__not__to__be is a question.________
3．His confidence enabled him to__finish__the__task__successfully．________ 4．The class teacher had us clean__the__classroom yesterday. ________
5．Is he the man who__wants__to__see__you？________ 6．This book gives me some idea on how__to__make__friends． ________
7．I feel it our duty to__serve__the__people__heart__and__soul．________ 8．What__you__explained__just__now didn't satisfy me.________ 9．We must get together again some__day．________
10．If__I__am__not__busy__tomorrow，I will play football with you.________ Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Great changes ________(take)place in my hometown in the past 10 years. 2．Her job is ________(look) after the children in the nursery. 3．He taught ________(we)English last year.
4．Tom told his parents ________ had happened in the senior high school. 5．I heard a girl ________ (sing) an English song in the next room just now.
6．Our school made ________ a rule that students should stand up when classes begin. 7．He always has a way of making his class ________(interest).
8．You can find there's always something ________(excite) to do in the open air.
5
9．________(study)the problem makes him clever. 10．There ________(be)a book and two pens on the desk.
6
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容